REFERENCES AND QUOTES Philosophy 2021 Promote good life for all - References and quotes THE EMPATHIC CIVILIZATION: THE RACE TO GLOBAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN A WORLD IN CRISISmental health, being connected to humanity and empathy 110. Happiness equated with property. Declaration of independence 495 Hegel, Mills and utilitarianism tied property to happiness and created the idea of the human being craving ever more See PROSPERITY WITHOUT GROWTH, DOUGHNUT ECONOMICS: SEVEN WAYS TO THINK LIKE A 21ST-CENTURY ECONOMIST, THE SPIRIT LEVEL: WHY MORE EQUAL SOCITIES ALMOST ALWAYS DO BETTER 496 materialistic values and the consequences on well-being and empathy 497 material values and diminish quality of life, diminishing marginal utility of wealth, preoccupation with wealth makes one less empathetic 498 Elusive goal of wealth. Using everyone and everything as means to gain wealth don’t value persons as unique and special. Devaluing of others detrimental to our relations and being out for themselves “materialists assume everyone else must feel the same way - after all, it’s ‘human nature’.” Materialistic values and decline in trust and in caring for others. Relational happiness – zero sum game. 499 New measure or well-being 548 Planet as a self-regulating living organism in steady state. “It is the continuous symbiotic relationships between every living creature and between living creatures and the geochemical process that ensure the survival of both the planetary organism and the individual species that live within its biospheric envelope” 598 “If every human life, the species as a whole, and all other life-forms are entwined with one another and with the geochemistry of the planet in a rich and complex choreography that sustain life itself, then we are all dependent on and responsible for the health of the whole organism.” 598-599 networks of networks from cell to the biosphere, Capra and the “web of life” 599 I PROSPERITY WITHOUT GROWTH prosperity dependent on other people 39 prosperity and the 3 billion people, explanation of GDP, population and GDP, prosperity is not synonymous with more economic growth, a modern construction 41 material, social and psychological dimensions of prosperity, caring for other well-being creates well-being See 39 81 Amartya Sen’s opulence, utility and capabilities to flourish. Diminishing marginal utility and inequality. Adaptation of satisfaction. 83 positional competition and the negative sum game of economic growth See THE SPIRIT LEVEL: WHY MORE EQUAL SOCITIES ALMOST ALWAYS DO BETTER 89 Freedom and social tolerance affect happiness, Inglehart. Economic growth and not improving the human lot but destroying the planet 91 Prosperity, Sens capabilities to flourish meets limits - bounded capabilities for flourishing. Bounded by finite ecology and scale of population. Sharing the planet, entitlements and freedoms of current and future generations and other species. 94 Kasser, intrinsic values and constituents of prosperity 145 Resistance to sustainable change as it asks people to live without the key capabilities. Align social structures with human values 151 selfishness and altruistic both genetically possible. Our economy encourage the selfish part. 155 The way society is structured creates a balance between selfish and altruistic behaviors. The social structure can be changed. 157 participate meaningfully in society 219 I WHY WE CONSUME: NEURAL DESIGN AND SUSTAINABILITY neural circuits of satisfaction and adaption I ARBETSSAMHÄLLET – HUR ARBETET ÖVERLEVDE TEKNOLOGIN discussion of needs, existential and essential 115 to have is not to be, king Midas 120 Marcuse and unworthy sublime wishes in a unjust world 124 Baudrillard and human beings desire for meaning 132 the need for a discussion of needs 138 Habermas and the ideal speech situation without private power interests See John Rawls veil of ignorance 139 need a class perspective on needs 140 pursuit of power, an existential fear 167 Rousseau and power born in property 171 I Economic Myths “It compels us to recognize that the real output of the economic process (or of any life process, for that matter) is not the material flow of waste, but the still mysterious immaterial flux of the enjoyment of life” 353 I THINKING IN SYSTEMS – A PRIMER “Living successfully in a world of complex systems means expanding not only time horizons and thought horizons; above all, it means expanding the horizons of caring.” “No part of the human race is separate either from other human beings or from the global ecosystem. It will not be possible in this integrated world for your heart to succeed if your lungs fail, or for your company to succeed if your workers fail, or for the rich in Los Angeles to succeed if the poor in Los Angeles fail, or for Europe to succeed if Africa fails, or for the global economy to succeed if the global environment fails.” don’t erode the goal of goodness “The most damaging example of the systems archetype called “drift to low performance” is the process by which modern industrial culture has eroded the goal of morality.” See https://www.facebook.com/RussellBrand/videos/vb.21641548176/542128686411289/?type=2&theater 184 I DANA (DONELLA) MEADOWS LECTURE: SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS only get that we are connected I Common cause: The Case for Working with our Cultural Values intrinsic values vs extrinsic values. The relative importance between values. 10 Values can be strengthened culturally through influential peers, media, education and experience of public policies 11 organizing of values, its empirical. Compatible values vs antagonistic/opposing values 27 life-goals: intrinsic goals vs extrinsic goals, self-transcendence goals vs physical self goals. See PROSPERITY WITHOUT GROWTH 145, 155. Values and Schwartz 28 Self-transcendent values vs self-enhancement values, openness to change values vs conservation values. Correlation between values and behaviour 30 intrinsic values creates more well-being note 7 33 strengthening a value strengthens compatible values and weakens opposing values 33 importance placed on particular values is determined both by long-term factors e.g. upbringing, education, social norms in media and short-term factors what values are activated by the situation. 34 Society can be formed to accentuate intrinsic values 38 Life-goals and values are related concept. Life-goals. Intrinsic goals (personal growth, emotional intimacy or community involvement) inherently rewarding to pursue, satisfying psychological needs. Extrinsic goals (acquisition of material goods, financial success, physical attractiveness, image and social recognition.) don’t lead to satisfaction of innate physchological need but are contingent upon the response of others. Self-transcendence goals vs physical self goals 77 values – what we believe is important in life, explanation of values 79 value circumplex 81 values and peacefulness, human rights, “different” people, global poverty, environment and civic involvement for social change 82-86 I THE COMMON CAUSE HANDBOOK results from prioritizing intrinsic and universalism values vs extrinsic values 24 values drives behaviour 25 I SOME COSTS OF AMERICAN CORPORATE CAPITALISM: A PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF VALUE AND GOAL CONFLICTS Basic premise of ACC 4 ACC “a system of beliefs, social relationships, and institutions that encourage, regulate, and direct human motivations and values (just as religion, political systems, and other features of societies do).” “like any social system, ACC fosters ideological values and institutional practices that further fuel its goals and suppresses other values and practices at odds with its aims.” Problems with ACCs assumptions. ACC values, i.e. wealth, fame or image, means lower well-being 6 ACC drops universalism and increase acceptance of inequality – consequences of inequality See THE SPIRIT LEVEL: WHY MORE EQUAL SOCITIES ALMOST ALWAYS DO BETTER. Would you hang around with a person that is less generous, engaged in more anti-social activities, show greater disagreeableness, have lower empathy, have more Machiavellian tendencies, have more racial prejudice, treat others more competitive and less cooperative, share less and doesn’t care about the environment? 10 good relations key to psychological health and ACC affects relations both in quantity and quality 11 “As these examples hopefully make clear, selfe-steem, and sense of self-worth under ACC involve two mechanisms familiar to social and personality psychologists: discrepancy creation and upward social comparison. That is, ACC promotes particular states (wealth) or individuals (the wealthy) as worthy ideals to which people living under the system should compare themselves. As we know from the literature on discrepancies and social comparison, comparisons between one’s present situation and an unmet goal or someone of higher status have the dual effects of leading individuals to: a) feel unhappy and less worthy; and b) become increasingly motivated to engage in activities that help them reduce these unpleasant feelings (Carver and Scheier, 1981; Higgins, 1987; Suls and Wills, 1991). This second outcome means that citizens will be more likely to engage in activities such as working long hours, going shopping, investing their money in the stock market, etc., in order to help them to reach these “ideals.” As such, they participate more in the ideologies and institutions of ACC, and thus help maintain the system. A psychologically costly element of this dynamic, however, is that these comparison processes rely on creating feelings of insecurity and unhappiness in individuals by increasing their awareness of discrepancies between their present state and the ideals defined by ACC (Richins, 1995).” See THE SPIRIT LEVEL: WHY MORE EQUAL SOCITIES ALMOST ALWAYS DO BETTER. 13 ACC limits autonomy/freedom 14 ACC aims conflict with individual and collective well-being 18 I FINDING FRAMES: NEW WAYS TO ENGAGE THE UK PUBLIC IN GLOBAL POVERTY values, attitudes and behaviour 40 compatible and conflicting values, we all hold all values but with different balance of relative importance varies 41 goals – inherent need states, goals subsidiary to values 43 intrinsic goals – inherently satisfying, extrinsic needs finds its roots in inability to achieve intrinsic goals, innate psychological needs See MATERIALISTIC VALUES: THEIR CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES, THE STRUCTURE OF GOAL CONTENTS ACROSS 15 CULTURES. 801. People with extrinsic goals have more problem to satisfy their innate psychological needs 45 Values influences attitudes and behaviors. Zigzaw of values in Maio experiment. 46 I MATERIALISTIC VALUES: THEIR CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES consumer culture and religion 12 2 pathways to materialistic values 13 Materialism diminish quality of life/well-being 19 I THE STRUCTURE OF GOAL CONTENTS ACROSS 15 CULTURES. Intrinsic goals include those for self-acceptance, affiliation, community feeling, and physical health are congruent with the psychological needs for relatedness, autonomy, and competence proposed by self-determination theory and are inherently satisfying to pursue, in and of themselves. Extrinsic goals not inherently satisfying. 801 I THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MATERIALISM AND PERSONAL WELL-BEING: A META-ANALYSIS: A Meta-Analysis “This meta-analysis demonstrates a clear, consistent negative association between a broad array of types of personal well-being and people’s belief in and prioritization of materialistic pursuits in life. Although more research is needed in order to understand the underlying processes better, the results of this meta-analysis suggest that the negative association is robust over a number of demographic, participant, and cultural factors. Although some variables do diminish materialism’s negative association with well-being, we found no evidence of positive associations between materialism and well-being, as correlations by and large remained negative. Finally, analyses showing that low levels of satisfaction of needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness mediate the materialism–well-being correlation suggest that something inherent in a materialistic attitude and lifestyle—whether as an antecedent or consequence of need satisfaction—interferes with the ability of people to live in ways that make them happy and healthy. Such findings are consistent not only with SDT (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Kasser, 2002) but also with the variety of spiritual and religious traditions that have questioned and critiqued the value of materialism since the beginning of recorded history. They also suggest that interventions and policies aimed at reducing the endorsement of materialistic values are timely and may lead to long-term well-being benefits for people across the globe (see, e.g., Kasser, 2011b).” 915 I THE SPIRIT LEVEL: WHY MORE EQUAL SOCITIES ALMOST ALWAYS DO BETTER inequality affects trust and empathy. “With greater inequality, people are less caring of one another, there is less mutuality in relationships, people have to fend for themselves and get what they can – so , inevitably , there is less trust”. Trust is important for empathy (try empathizing for a person you don’t trust!), we empathize with equals and material differences serve to divide us. Trust also affects well-being 56 people with higher levels of trust live longer 57 inequality affect mental well-being 65 Inequality make countries socially dysfunctional 174 conflict and tension cause of stress. Quality of or relations crucial to our well-being, survival and reproductive success. 202 The larger group the more neocortex needed to handle social life. Social demands developed our brain and maybe the reason for our intelligence. Getting social right is important as other human being can be friends or foe in relation to scarce resource. Different mental tool-kits for dominant or egalitarian societies using dominant or affiliative strategies. 203 “For a species which thrives on friendship and enjoys co-operation and trust, which has a strong sense of fairness, which is equipped with mirror neurons allowing us to learn our way of life through a process of identification, it is clear that social structures which create relationships based in inequality, inferiority and social exclusion must inflict a great deal of social pain.” 213 I ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS – PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS concept of utility 152-155 Doing makes you feel good 239 Importance of relationships. Damaging effect of comparing. Adapting to feel good and “set point”. 240 Doing good makes you feel good. We are not rational. 241 Maslow vs Max-Neef 278 Max-Neefs matrix of human needs 279 Max Neef vs GNP. Max Neef having is just one of elements required to meet our needs. Neoclassical economics and GNP is utilitarian, not matter the means the goals conquers all. Revealed preferences – choices in the market. Value only end states – benevolent dictator and still one option is enough in utilitarian. Advertising can change people’s beliefs of what they need. Values human actions independently of their outcome, human development approach. Amartya Sen and Nussbaum. 281 In human development approach the different options are important. 282 I DOUGHNUT ECONOMICS: SEVEN WAYS TO THINK LIKE A 21ST-CENTURY ECONOMIST Putnam and social capital 67 Simplified version of human beings proposed but not believed by Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill. Critique from Devas. Origin of utility 84 The solitary, self-interested, utility calculating, insatiable, superpowered economic cartoon human being became the model for reality. Robert Frank, belief of human nature shapes human nature. Economics, cocreating reality, the study of MacKenzi and Milli and the Consumer vs Citizen reaction study. See Common cause on policy feedback, SOME COSTS OF AMERICAN CORPORATE CAPITALISM: A PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF VALUE AND GOAL CONFLICTS, In search of homo economicus: behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies 73, 74, 77 86 Crowding out intrinsic motivation by putting price on things that have no price. Sandel: “markets are not mere mechanisms, they embody certain values. And sometimes, market values crowd out nonmarket norms worth caring about”. Consumer vs individual survey and words matter. See people placing importance on extrinsic values feel worse and care less about environment MATERIALISTIC VALUES: THEIR CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES, THE STRUCTURE OF GOAL CONTENTS ACROSS 15 CULTURES., Common Cause, FINDING FRAMES: NEW WAYS TO ENGAGE THE UK PUBLIC IN GLOBAL POVERTY. THE SPIRIT LEVEL: WHY MORE EQUAL SOCITIES ALMOST ALWAYS DO BETTER 102 Nudge and network for the common good. Kasser and intrinsic values and caring for human beings and the planet. See people placing importance on extrinsic values feel worse and care less about environment MATERIALISTIC VALUES: THEIR CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES, THE STRUCTURE OF GOAL CONTENTS ACROSS 15 CULTURES., Common Cause, FINDING FRAMES: NEW WAYS TO ENGAGE THE UK PUBLIC IN GLOBAL POVERTY, THE SPIRIT LEVEL: WHY MORE EQUAL SOCITIES ALMOST ALWAYS DO BETTER 108 New Economic Foundation, 5 steps for well-being, John Stuart Mills and the art of living. 233 I FIVE WAYS TO WELLBEING 1. Connect! 5 social relations are important for well-being says science 2. Be active! 6 being active is important for well-being says science 7 I 3. Take notice! Taking notice, being curies, being aware, is important for well-being says science 8 4. Keep learning! Continuing learning is important for well-being says science 9 5. Give. Doing something nice for another human being is important for well-being says science 10 A connection between individual well-being and well-being of wider community. 11 Nutrion and nature is also good 12 I MYTEN OM MASKINEN: ESSÄER OM MAKT; MODERNITET OCH MILJÖ The distinguishing trait of the modern society is the abstract usage of language with which it strives to encompass and engulf other cultural systems of meaning, a sort of cultural imperialism. Imperialism as who gets to build models of whom. Economic word of utility is an example. Utility as an imperialistic concept. Utility is given meaning by the cultural context and is nothing without it. However it becomes a tool to reduce cultural preferences to a manipular measure. The interchangeability is the foundation of modernity and money gives utility a material and socioecological potent form. Technology as a cultural accepted way to achieve certain culturally accepted goals. 178 To encouragement Next encouragement