REFERENCES AND QUOTES Philosophy 2021 Protect the commons and boost public goods through governments - References and quotes DOUGHNUT ECONOMICS: SEVEN WAYS TO THINK LIKE A 21ST-CENTURY ECONOMIST Ostrom and the creativity of commons. Ostrom and the creativity of the commons. 73 Enclosure as class robbery. Ostrom proved Hardin wrong and showed that people can manage the commons. 150 Knowledge belongs to the commons 161 Universal access to markets, basic income 164 Universal access to public services, global taxes. Universal access to global commons, earth’s life-giving systems and knowledge. 167 open-source digital platform for sharing technical solutions to local needs 167, 170 Turning public wealth into private revenue 221 I ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS – PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS Common resources getting used up; fossil fuels, mineral resources, water, renewable resources, waste absorption capacity. 113-119 Market only function with certain goods and fail handling others 157 Ecosystem services not excludable. Should any resource be excludable? 158 Excludability, rivalness, congestibility and market failure. Table 10.1, examples of open access regimes. Commons and open access regimes 161 Pure public goods 168 Global ecosystems create life-sustaining ecosystem. Market cannot handle public goods. 171 Impossible to make something from nothing, and nothing from something. Production of market goods requires raw material and generates waste and the raw-materials taken from the ecosystem structure depletes the services provided by the ecoystems. Economic system provides solely for producing and allocating market goods and are on collision course with services provided by natural resources (public goods) and life-sustaining functions of our planet and puts human beings on the road to hell. Enclosure of knowledge and information. Economic system Research in rich diseases poses an opportunity cost. Control of communicable diseases is a public good. 172 Sismondi and the need for a social and ethical filter to select beneficial knowledge 173 individuals, society and taking care of public goods 175 Privatization of water and enclosure of the commons note 17 334 subsidies to nonmarket goods 414 I THINKING IN SYSTEMS – A PRIMER “The trap called the tragedy of the commons comes about when there is escalation, or just simple growth, in a commonly shared, erodable environment.” 116 The commons, bounded rationality and no feedback. 117 Common resources and common sinks. Fossil fuel, climate change, population and tragedy of the commons. See DOUGHNUT ECONOMICS: SEVEN WAYS TO THINK LIKE A 21ST-CENTURY ECONOMIST 150 118 3 ways of avoiding tragedy of the commons See DOUGHNUT ECONOMICS: SEVEN WAYS TO THINK LIKE A 21ST-CENTURY ECONOMIST 150 119 I PROSPERITY WITHOUT GROWTH “Some remarkable statistical evidence tends to support this view. Psychologist Tim Kasser has highlighted what he calls the high price of materialism. Materialistic values such as popularity, image and financial success are psychologically opposed to ‘intrinsic’ values like self-acceptance, affiliation, a sense of belonging in the community. Yet these latter are the things that represent our deepest source of wellbeing. They are the constituents of prosperity. Kasser’s findings are striking. People with higher intrinsic values are both happier and have higher levels of environmental responsibility than those with materialistic values. Metastudy of Dittmar, a less materialistic pursuit favours wellbeing. 145 Damaging signals from society when valuing private before public sector. Institutional structures working against human prosperity. See Common cause on policy feedback 12, THINKING IN SYSTEMS – A PRIMER, SOME COSTS OF AMERICAN CORPORATE CAPITALISM: A PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF VALUE AND GOAL CONFLICTS 148 “This evolutionary map of the human heart reveals the crux of the matter. What we’ve created in consumer capitalism is an economy which privileges, and systematically encourages, one specific segment of the human soul – the upper right quadrant in Figure 7.2. We’ve done this, in part, because the economy that we’ve created is best served by selfish, novelty-seeking behaviour. Without the self-serving hedonist lurking within us, the economy itself is in danger of collapsing.” 155 “the balance of behaviours in a society depends on how that society is structured. When technologies, infrastructures, institutions and social norms all reward self-enhancement and novelty, then selfish sensation-seeking behaviours prevail over more conservative, altruistic ones.” “Each society strikes this balance between altruism and selfishness (and between novelty and tradition) in different places. And where this balance is struck depends crucially on social structure. Social structures can change and can be changed. They are amenable to policy. And all the evidence suggests that the time is ripe for such changes, because the existing structures are poorly aligned with human interests and values.” "The idea of an economy whose task is to provide capabilities for flourishing within ecological limits offers the most credible vision to put in its place. The rewards from these changes are likely to be significant. A less materialistic society will be a happier one. A more equal society will be a less anxious one. Greater attention to community and to participation in the life of society will reduce the loneliness and anomie that has undermined wellbeing in the consumer economy.” 157 Importance of investments for possibility of change. Investment is the relationship between present and future. Investment in the current economy, “Even taking speculative behaviour aside, the investment portfolio of the conventional economy still fails any robust test of sustainability. Too much of it is directed at the extraction of rents from finite material resources. Much of the rest is dedicated either to chasing labour productivity or to the relentless production of novelty: the creation and re-creation of ever newer markets for ever newer consumer products (Chapter 6). The result of these strategies is a portfolio of capital investments dominated by the production and reproduction of consumerism. The vital relationship between the present and the future is distorted through lenses of speculation and short-term profiteering. And the prospects for transforming enterprise and employment in the ways described above remain heroic at best.” Need for prosperity investment, of individuals and communities. Social investment. “An investment strategy directed to these ends would build and maintain the physical assets through which individuals can flourish and communities can thrive – what US philosopher Michael Sandel has called ‘the infrastructure of civic life’: schools and hospitals, public transportation systems, community halls, quiet centres, theatres, concert halls, museums and libraries, green spaces, parks and gardens.” Ecological investment. “The critical distinction is to invest in assets that maximise our potential to flourish with the minimum level of material consumption, rather than in assets that maximise the throughput of material commodities – irrespective of their contribution to long-term prosperity.” 167 “Many of these massively unethical investments will offer highly attractive rates of return in the short term. But in the long term they are entirely unsustainable. The social costs of conventional investment (including the huge cost of unrestrained speculative trading) are rarely factored into financial decisions. Worse still, these costs are borne ultimately by the taxpayer. By contrast, the social benefits of more sustainable investments are almost invisible to mainstream funders who tend to look at unfamiliar portfolios and see only higher risk. The ethical basis of sustainable investment only rarely attracts a premium.” Examples av alternative investment thinking include SPEAR, Unified Field Cooperation and credit unions, Triodos Bank 173 I Common cause policy feedback 12 Thatcher understood policy feedback: “…it isn’t that I set out on economic policies; it’s that I set out really to change the approach, and changing the economics is the means of changing that approach. If you change the approach you really are after the heart and soul of the nation. Economics are the method; the object is to change the heart and soul.” 23 values and behavior correlation (double dividend of promoting intrinsic values 30 “But there are other reasons that people often engage in behaviour that appears inconsistent with their personal values. Particular behaviours are influenced by a wide range of factors, many of which are specific to the situation in which a behavioural choice is made. Often, for example, structural constraints intervene in the course of people acting in line with the values that they hold to be important. For instance, a person’s values may lead her to express concern about her personal carbon footprint, although, in the absence of a convenient public transport infrastructure, she may nonetheless reluctantly rely on using her car to commute to work.” “Thus, at least in a democracy, the quality of a public transport system is something that, in part, reflects the priorities and values of the electorate. More generally, structural constraints, which appear to limit the extent to which people adopt behaviour in line with their values, often themselves arise or persist as a result, in part, of the political expression of particular cultural values.” 32 “Importantly, people’s experience of public policies and institutions also affects their understanding of what is ‘normal’, and can therefore lead to the strengthening of particular values across a culture. For example, citizens of countries that have adopted more competitive economic systems tend to place more importance on extrinsic values (Schwartz, 2007; Kasser et al., 2007).” See Cultural and Individual Value Correlates of Capitalism: A Comparative Analysis, THINKING IN SYSTEMS – A PRIMER, SOME COSTS OF AMERICAN CORPORATE CAPITALISM: A PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF VALUE AND GOAL CONFLICTS There is no value neutral policy or institution 36 Which values do we as society choose to accentuate? 38 Different solutions depending on framing 41 Importance of language 43 Community feeling and financial success are psychological oppositions. 49 Which values do we as society choose to accentuate? 38 Policy feedback, institution create normative expectation and participatory democracy 65 which values to promote 82 – 86 I SOME COSTS OF AMERICAN CORPORATE CAPITALISM: A PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF VALUE AND GOAL CONFLICTS consequences of focus on materialistic values 10 ACC aims conflict with individual and collective well-being 18 I CULTURAL AND INVIDUUAL VALUE CORRELATES OF CAPITALISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS conclusion I ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS – PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS current economy undermine public goods 172 social and ethical filter to select beneficial knowledge 173
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